International Marketing - Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Marketing - Theory - Essay Example The purpose of laying importance of marketing and marketing plans in the first paragraph was to narrow down the topic towards marketing strategy, its formulation and its purposes for the firm it self. Now when we talk about strategy planning in marketing, we basically tend to make a match between organizational resources and its goals i.e. what an organization can really do by utilizing its resources and what its managers wanted to do (Kotabe 2007). So the strategy basically matches or ties up both ends of the same string so it could be implemented and formulated. If we delve deeper into the topic we see that marketing strategy formulation is of two types; one is based on the General marketing strategy and the other one is based on decision strategy. I have explained them in the next paragraphs to follow. The company I have chosen for this assignment is Dell Inc., and no body can deny its market share, value and prowess up to this date. I will start with the sector analysis and compa ny analysis and then will move on to the marketing strategies. Dell comes under information technology sector. ... The situation started to get better after 2001 and showed a great improvement after year 2003 when the average salary of a computer employee was more than double than what other people were getting from their respective professions. The industry labor force also increased from nil to 3.1% which broke the records in the US labor force industry as it was a growth of more than 75% as compared to previous records. Growth in the information technology industry is there because of the demand factors all around the world. The demand factors included the invention of nano-technology as more and more industries are heading towards this technology, emerging markets like India coming into the field with better and more IT products with better software programs, rise in demand of computers in the Asian markets, companies around the world are looking for cutting edge techs which is only possible if more and more sophisticated software and hardware are being made. Emerging markets in central and S outh America is also one of the reasons for the boom in this sector (Kerin 2008). Apart from this all, another reason for the boom in this sector is the mergers and acquisitions which took place after the dot com crisis. Those mergers and acquisitions compelled companies to pool in their resources and funnel up their energies so to invest in research and development and come up with new products which would give them a competitive edge (Srivastava 2008). This is also a very pertinent cause to explain and relate to the boom in the information technology sector. This rearrangement in the market made suppliers few in numbers which brought major giants on neck n neck competition with each other. This also lowered the switching costs

Satellite Communication For Computer Networks

Satellite Communication For Computer Networks A communication satellite is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communication satellites use a variety of orbits including geostationary orbits, Molina orbits, other elliptical orbits and low earth orbits. For fixed services, communication satellites provide a microwave radio relay technology complimentary to that of submarine communication cables. They are also used for mobile applications such as communications to ships, vehicles, planes and hand held terminals and for TV and radio broadcasting, for which application of other technologies such as cable is impractical or impossible. HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION SATELLTES The first artificial satellite was the soviet sputnik 1, launched on October 4, 1957, and equipped with an onboard radio transmitter that worked on two frequencies, 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. The first American satellite to relay communication was project score in 1958, which used a tape recorder to store and forward voice messages. After that NASA launched an Echo satellite in 1960. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION FOR COMPUTER NETWORKS. A multi-node, satellite communication system employing a modified broadcast system is disclosed for used with distributed computer networks. The system involves a plurality of network nodes (computer systems) each capable of transmitting to any other node at a single unique frequency, but capable of receiving from all other nodes simultaneously. Each node in the n-node network comprises a single transmitter with up to n-1 receivers, with each node capable of arbitrating a plurality of requests for transmission access. The invention encompasses a method for communicating digital information in a network of geographical distributed computers. GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES In 1945, Arthur C. Clarke describes a complete communication system that used manned geostationary satellites, including the orbits, solar panels, radio frequencies and launch procedures. But it was failed, because these satellites were impractical due to the impossibility of putting power-hungry, fragile, vacuum tube amplifiers into orbit. The first communication satellite, Telstar was launched in July 1962. Then communication Satellites have become a multibillion dollar business and the only aspect of outer space that has become highly portable. These high-flying satellites are called GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) satellites. Geostationary orbit Geostationary satellites space much closer than 2 degrees in the 360-degree equatorial plane, to avoid interference. With a space of 2 degrees, there can only be 360/2 =180 of these satellites in the sky at ones. However, each transponder can use multiple frequencies and polarization to increase the available bandwidth. Modern satellite was weighing up 4000kg and consuming several kilowatts of electric power produced by the solar panels. The effect of solar and planetary gravity tends to move them away from their assigned orbit slots and orientations, an effect countered by on-board rocket motors. This tuning activity is called Station Keeping. ITU has allocated certain frequency bands to satellite users. The main bands are listed as C band was the first to be designated for commercial satellite traffic and the upper case one for uplink traffic. To allow traffic to go both ways at the same time, two channels is required, one going each way. These bands are overcrowded because they ar e also used by the common carriers for terrestrial microwave links. The L and S bands were added by international agreement in 2000. Rain, equipment cost The next highest band available to commercial telecommunication carriers is the Ku band. Bandwidth allocated in the Ka band for commercial traffic, but the equipment needed to use it is still expensive. A modern satellite has around 40 transponders, each with an 80-MHZ band width. The first geostationary satellites had a single beam that illuminated about 1/3 of the earths surface called footprint. A new development in the communication satellite world is the development of low-cost micro stations; it is called Very Small Aperture Terminals (VASATs). In VSATs systems, the micro stations dont have enough power to communicate directly with one another. VSATs have great potential in rural areas. MEDIUM-EARTH ORBIT SATELLITES MEO (Medium-Earth Orbit) satellites tracked as move through the sky. These are lower than GEOs; they have smaller footprint on the ground and require less powerful transmitters to reach them. LOW-EARTH ORBIT LEO (LOW EARTH ORBIT) satellite due to their rapid motion, large numbers of them is needed for a complete system. In this section we will examine, two aimed at voice communication and one aimed at internet service. Iridium An iridium satellite was launched in 1997. Communication service began in November 1998. Iridiums business was providing worldwide telecommunication service using hand-held devices that communicate directly within the iridium satellites. It provides voice, data, paging, and fax and navigation service everywhere on land, sea, and air. These satellites are positioned at an altitude of 750km, in circular polar orbits. Each satellite has a maximum of 48 cells, with a total of 1628 cells over the surface of the earth. Each satellite has a capacity of 3840 channels, or 253440 in all. Global star An iridium alternative design is global star. It based on 48 LEO satellites. But it uses a different switching scheme than that of iridium. Global star uses a traditional bent-pipe design. The call originating at the North Pole is sent back to earth and picked up by the large ground station at Santas Workshop. The call is routed via a terrestrial network to the ground station nearest the cal lee and delivered by a bent-pipe connection. The advantage of global star scheme is that it puts much of the complexity on the ground, where it is easier to manage. Teledesic Teledesic is targeted at bandwidth-hungry internet users all over the world. It was conceived in 1990 by mobile phone pioneer Craig McCaw and Bill Gates. The goal of this system is to provide millions of concurrent Internet users with an uplink of as much as 100Mbps and a downlink of up to 720 Mbps using a small, fixed, VSAT-type antenna, completely bypassing the telephone system. The original design was for a system consists of 288 small-footprint satellites arranged in 12 planes below the lower Van Allen belt at an altitude of 1350km. The design was later changed to 30 satellites with larger footprints. Transmission occurs in the uncrowned and high-bandwidth Ka band. When a user needs bandwidth to send packets is request and assigned dynamically in about 50 msec. LEO EARTH ORBIT HOW SATELLITE COMMUNICATION WORKS? The concept of satellite based network is to transmit and receive signal from ground stations. The purpose of satellite communication is to use it for video transmission and sharing. In simple words a satellite is a device which revolves around the earth either for collecting useful information or for helping transfer of information. HOW DO SATELLITES COMMUNICATE? Satellites communicate through a complex system of telemetry that connects and transmits signals between satellites and earth-bound stations. This system begins with telemetry, tracking and command (TTC) subsystem which tracks and directs signals. TTC produces signal that are directly commensurable to the quantity that is being measured, encoding and transmitting these signal to distant stations on earth. APPLICATIONS OF COMMUNICATION SATELLITES The applications of communication satellites are, Telephone Satellite Television Fixed Service Satellite Direct Broadcast satellites Mobile satellite technologies Satellite radio Amateur radio Satellite internet Military uses Navigation TELEPHONE The first application for communication satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony. The public switched telephone network relays telephone calls from landline telephones to an earth station where they are transmitted to geostationary satellite. SATELLITE TELEVISION The satellite television is relatively few signals of large band width to many receivers being a more precise match for the capabilities of geosynchronous comsats. Two satellite types are used for North American Television and radio that are Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) and Fixed Service Satellite (FSS). FIXED SERVICE SATELLITE It uses the c band and the lower portion of the Ku bands. It is normally used for broadcast feed to and from television networks and local affiliate stations as well as being used for distance learning by schools and universities, business television, video conferencing and general tele- communications. It is also used to distribute national cable channels to cable television head ends. DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE It is a communication satellite that transmits to small DBS satellite dishes. It is usually 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 60 cm in a diameter. MOBILE SATELLITE TECHNOLOGIES It was using antenas.

Voice and Ambivalence in Bless Me Ultima and Baby of the Family Essays

Voice and Ambivalence in Bless Me Ultima and Baby of the Family  Ã‚        Ã‚   Bless Me Ultima and Baby of the Family serve as the 'coming of age' stories of two minority children. Rudolfo Anaya and Tina McElory Ansa skillfully reveal the richness, diversity, and conflicts that can exist within the Hispanic-American and African-American cultures primarily through the dream sequences in each novel. Dreams are the mechanism used in each work to magnify the individual experiences and conflicts Tony and Lena encounter. In addition and perhaps, more importantly, Tony and Lena deal with ambivalence and find their voices not only through the relationships with other characters, but through the resolution of their dreams. To truly fathom how integral and dependent the dreams are in the novels, a few definitions are in order. Dreams are defined, not only as "images passing through a sleeping person's mind" (Neufeldt 132). Dreams also include the mystical events or dream-like occurrences within each novel. Dreams are a way for each character to connect to the past and, perhaps reveal the future. The otherworldly experiences or dreams of Tony and Lena help guide them down the road of ambivalence, and eventually lead to an awakening or the attainment of 'voice.' Webster's New World Dictionary defines ambivalence as "simultaneous conflicting feelings" (13). These 'conflicts' can be seen in external situations, and typically have serious internal implications. This condition is one of the defining factors of the Hispanic-American experience. Are Hispanics immigrants or minorities? In terms of religion, are they Catholic or Indian? Typically, Hispanic- Americans blend the two choices because neither situation totally applies to them. Perh... ... Once Lena and Tony are reconciled to the swirling adventures that transpire around them, there is a resolution. A rebirth of sorts occurs for each character as they realize that they must take conflicting ideologies and mesh them together to form individual voices.    Works Cited Ansa, Tina McElroy. Interview with Tina McElroy Ansa by Doubleday. Book Group Corner. http://www.randomhouse.com/resources/bookgroup/handifanwith_bgc.html. accessed 30 Oct. 2000. Callahan, John F. In the African-American Grain: The Pursuit of Voice in Twentieth-Century Black Fiction. University of Illinois Press: Urbana and Chicago. 1988. Neufeldt, Victoria, ed. Webster's New World Compact School and Office Dictionary. 1 vol. to date. MacMillan: USA. 1995. Wood, Scott. "Book Reviews: 'Bless Me Ultima.'" Contemporary Literary Criticism. vol. 23 (1983): 22.      

History Of Beverages/Soft Drink

Soft drinks can trace their history back to the mineral water found in natural springs. Bathing in natural springs has long been considered a healthy thing to do; and mineral water was said to have curative powers. Scientists soon discovered that gas carbonium or carbon dioxide was behind the bubbles in natural mineral water. The first marketed soft drinks (non-carbonated) appeared in the 17th century. They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey. In 1676, the Compagnie de Limonadiers of Paris were granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks. Vendors would carry tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to thirsty Parisians. Joseph PriestleyIn 1767, the first drinkable man-made glass of carbonated water was created by Englishmen Doctor Joseph Priestley. Three years later, Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman invented a generating apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk by the use of sulfuric acid. Bergman's apparatus allowe d imitation mineral water to be produced in large amounts. John MathewsIn 1810, the first United States patent was issued for the â€Å"means of mass manufacture of imitation mineral waters† to Simons and Rundell of Charleston, South Carolina. However, carbonated beverages did not achieve great popularity in America until 1832, when John Mathews invented his apparatus for the making carbonated water. John Mathews then mass-manufactured his apparatus for sale to soda fountain owners.Health Properties of Mineral WaterThe drinking of either natural or artificial mineral water was considered a healthy practice. The American pharmacists selling mineral waters began to add medicinal and flavorful herbs to unflavored mineral water. They used birch bark, dandelion, sarsaparilla, and fruit extracts. Some historians consider that the first flavored carbonated soft drink was that made in 1807 by Doctor Philip Syng Physick of Philadelphia. Early American pharmacies with soda fountains be came a popular part of culture. The customers soon wanted to take their â€Å"health† drinks home with them and a soft drink bottling industry grew from consumer demand.The Soft Drink Bottling IndustryOver 1,500 U.S. patents were filed for either a cork, cap, or lid for the carbonated drink bottle tops during the early days of the bottling industry. Carbonated drink bottles are under a lot of pressure from the gas. Inventors were trying to find the best way to prevent the carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. In 1892, the â€Å"Crown Cork Bottle Seal† was patented by William Painter, a Baltimore machine shop operator. It was the first very successful method of keeping the bubbles in the bottle.Automatic Production of Glass BottlesIn 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first o perated by the inventor, Michael Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,500 bottles a day to 57,000 bottles a day.Hom-Paks and Vending MachinesDuring the 1920s, the first â€Å"Hom-Paks† were invented. â€Å"Hom-Paks† are the familiar six-pack beverage carrying cartons made from cardboard. Automatic vending machines also began to appear in the 1920s. The soft drink had become an American mainstay. http://inventors.about.com/od/foodrelatedinventions/a/soft_drinks.htmIntroduction to PopThe History of Soft Drinks Timeline By Mary Bellis See More About soft drinks beverageGirl Serving From Soda Fountain Bar Serving Soft Drinks LOC See More About soft drinks beverageThis timeline accompanies Introduction to Pop – The History of Soft Drinks Soft drinks by definition are carbonated drinks that are non-alcoholic. Carbonated soft drinks are also refereed to as soda, soda pop, pop, or tonic. 1798 The term â €Å"soda water† first coined.1810 First U.S. patent issued for the manufacture of imitation mineral waters. 1819 The â€Å"soda fountain† patented by Samuel Fahnestock. 1835 The first bottled soda water in the U.S. 1850 A manual hand & foot operated filling & corking device, first used for bottling soda water. 1851 Ginger ale created in Ireland. 1861 The term â€Å"pop† first coined. 1874 The first ice-cream soda sold. 1876 Root beer mass produced for public sale. 1881 The first cola-flavored beverage introduced. 1885 Charles Aderton invented â€Å"Dr Pepper† in Waco, Texas. 1886 Dr. John S. Pemberton invented â€Å"Coca-Cola† in Atlanta, Georgia. 1892 William Painter invented the crown bottle cap. 1898 â€Å"Pepsi-Cola† is invented by Caleb Bradham. 1899 The first patent issued for a glass blowing machine, used to produce glass bottles. 1913 Gas motored trucks replaced horse drawn carriages as delivery vehicles. 1919 The American Bottlers o f Carbonated Beverages formed.1920 The U.S. Census reported that more than 5,000 bottlers now exist. Early 1920's The first automatic vending machines dispensed sodas into cups. 1923 Six-pack soft drink cartons called â€Å"Hom-Paks† created.1929 The Howdy Company debuted its new drink â€Å"Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Sodas† later called â€Å"7 Up†. Invented by Charles Leiper Grigg. 1934 Applied color labels first used on soft drink bottles, the coloring was baked on the face of the bottle. 1952 The first diet soft drink sold called the â€Å"No-Cal Beverage† a gingerale sold by Kirsch. 1957 The first aluminum cans used.1959 The first diet cola sold. 1962 The pull-ring tab first marketed by the Pittsburgh Brewing Company of  Pittsburgh, PA. The pull-ring tab was invented by Alcoa. 1963 The Schlitz Brewing company introduced the â€Å"Pop Top† beer can to the nation in March, invented by Ermal Fraze of Kettering, Ohio. 1965 Soft drinks in can s dispensed from vending machines.1965 The resealable top invented. 1966 The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages renamed The National Soft Drink Association. 1970 Plastic bottles are used for soft drinks. 1973 The PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottle created. 1974 The stay-on tab invented. Introduced by the Falls City Brewing Company of Louisville, KY. 1979 Mello Yello soft drink is introduced by the Coca Cola company as competition against Mountain Dew. 1981 The â€Å"talking† vending machine invented.http://inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/soft_drink.htmHISTORY OF COCA-COLA:Invented in the City of Atlanta over a hundred years ago. Atlanta 1886. John Pemberton in 1886 was experimenting with a new recipe. Took some secret ingredients and boiled them into a syrup. Took some to Jacob’s pharmacy where he mixed it with carbonated water and place it on sale for 5 cents a glass. Thus greatest invention of all time. Accountant of Pemberton – Frank Rob inson, coined the name Coca-Cola and famours trademark News spread across Atlanta 1st year – average drinks sold 9 drink per day 1888 – sold to Asa G. Candler and Co. to produce and distribute coca-cola Mr. Candler was a marketing genius, countless creative ways to promote the product. Gave the color red in barrels to give a distinctive appearance All over America-Soda foams. Then in bottles – idea Sold them the right to do that – 1dollar 1916 – introduced coca cola contour bottle; so unique it became instantly famous 1919 – Candler sold the company to a group of investors. Robert Woodriff who became the company’s president Make ice-cold coca cola available to anyone, where, placeFIRST TRULY GLOBAL BRAND 100 YEARS LATER – FORMULA IS STILL A GUARDED SECRET MOST RECOGNIZED TRADEMARK IN THE WORLD ENJOYED IN MORE THAN 200 COUNTRIESHISTORY OF BOTTLING:Coca-Cola ® originated as a soda fountain beverage in 1886 selling for five cent s a glass. Early growth was impressive, but it was only when a strong bottling system developed thatCoca-Cola became the world-famous brand it is today. 1894 †¦ A modest start for a bold ideaIn a candy store in Vicksburg, Mississippi, brisk sales of the new fountain beverage calledCoca-Cola impressed the store's owner, Joseph A. Biedenharn. He began bottling Coca-Colato sell, using a common glass bottle called a Hutchinson.Biedenharn sent a case to Asa Griggs Candler, who owned the Company. Candler thanked him but took no action. One of his nephews already had urged that Coca-Cola be bottled, but Candler focused on fountain sales. 1899 †¦ The first bottling agreementTwo young attorneys from Chattanooga, Tennessee believed they could build a business around bottling Coca-Cola. In a meeting with Candler, Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead obtained exclusive rights to bottle Coca-Cola across most of the United States (specifically excluding Vicksburg) — for the sum of one dollar. A third Chattanooga lawyer, John T. Lupton, soon joined their venture. 1900-1909 †¦ Rapid growthThe three pioneer bottlers divided the country into territories and sold bottling rights to local entrepreneurs. Their efforts were boosted by major progress in bottling technology, which improved efficiency and product quality. By 1909, nearly 400 Coca-Cola bottling plants were operating, most of them family-owned businesses. Some were open only during hot-weather months when demand was high. 1916 †¦ Birth of the contour bottleBottlers worried that the straight-sided bottle for Coca-Cola was easily confused with imitators. A group representing the Company and bottlers asked glass manufacturers to offer ideas for a distinctive bottle. A design from the Root Glass Company of Terre Haute, Indiana won enthusiastic approval in 1915 and was introduced in 1916. The contour bottle became one of the few packages ever granted trademark status by the U.S. Patent Office . Today, it's one of the most recognized icons in the world – even in the dark! 1920s †¦ Bottling overtakes fountain salesAs the 1920s dawned, more than 1,000 Coca-Cola bottlers were operating in the U.S. Their ideas and zeal fueled steady growth. Six-bottle cartons were a huge hit after their 1923 introduction. A few years later, open-top metal coolers became the forerunners of automated vending machines. By the end of the 1920s, bottle sales of Coca-Cola exceeded fountain sales. 1920s and 30s †¦ International expansionLed by longtime Company leader Robert W. Woodruff, chief executive officer and chairman of the Board, the Company began a major push to establish bottling operations outside the U.S. Plants were opened in France, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Belgium, Italy, Peru, Spain, Australia and South Africa. By the time World War II began, Coca-Cola was being bottled in 44 countries. 1940s †¦ Post-war growthDuring the war, 64 bottling plants were set up ar ound the world to supply the troops. This followed an urgent request for bottling equipment and materials from General Eisenhower's base in North Africa. Many of these war-time plants were later converted to civilian use, permanently enlarging the bottling system and accelerating the growth of the Company's worldwide business. 1950s †¦ Packaging innovationsFor the first time, consumers had choices of Coca-Cola package size and type — the traditional 6.5-ounce contour bottle, or larger servings including 10-, 12- and 26-ounce versions. Cans were also introduced, becoming generally available in 1960. 1960s †¦ New brands introducedFollowing Fanta ® in the 1950s, Sprite ®, Minute Maid ®, Fresca ® and TaB ® joined brandCoca-Cola in the 1960s. Mr. Pibb ® and Mello Yello ® were added in the 1970s. The 1980s brought diet Coke ® and Cherry Coke ®, followed by POWERADE ® and DASANI ® in the 1990s. Today hundreds of other brands are offered to meet consum er preferences in local markets around the world. 1970s and 80s †¦ Consolidation to serve customersAs technology led to a global economy, the retailers who sold Coca-Cola merged and evolved into international mega-chains. Such customers required a new approach. In response, many small and medium-size bottlers consolidated to better serve giant international customers. The Company encouraged and invested in a number of bottler consolidations to assure that its largest bottling partners would have capacity to lead the system in working with global retailers. 1990s †¦ New and growing marketsPolitical and economic changes opened vast markets that were closed or underdeveloped for decades. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Company invested heavily to build plants in Eastern Europe. And as the century closed, more than $1.5 billion was committed to new bottling facilities in Africa. 21st Century †¦The Coca-Cola bottling system grew up with roots deeply planted in local communities. This heritage serves the Company well today as people seek brands that honor local identity and the distinctiveness of local markets. As was true a century ago, strong locally based relationships between Coca-Cola bottlers, customers and communities are the foundation on which the entire business grows.

How media violence contributes to the violence at home Essay

People have always believed that the various movies and violent dramas that are shown on TV are just but entertainment. In fact, some adults who feel that since they watched television when they were young and it had no negative effects on them tend to think that television violence cannot be a contributor to home violence. However this could not be the case in the present world. This is because the type of programs that were shown in the TVs in the early years did not contain many violent scenes as it is now. Many television programs are characterized with violent acts like abuse and rape, criminal acts and diminished trust. Indeed many researches that have been conducted clearly show that the increases in violence in the television are having a significant contribution to the violence experienced at home. Furthermore, the media portrays that problems both family and social are to be confronted with force or threats of force The effects of the violent scenes on television vary in the adults and children. Children are the ones who are highly affected since they are not able to discern what reality is and what fiction is. This makes them believe almost everything they see as being what the real world is. The present lifestyle has lead to most children spending many hours glued to the television something which itself can affect their behavior. In fact many researchers have shown that both the adults and children who spend most of their time watching television may develop the following perception. First is that there is an increase in crime even if it is not the case (Media Issues). Secondly that they can overestimate the risk of being victimized by crime and lastly they develop fear of crime which in itself sees crime as something that is all around. Some get mislead that violence rarely has negative consequences. In these programs a very high percentage of the violence acts go unpunished. In fact in some, those portrayed as heroes never get punished despite their violent acts. Furthermore, too much violence in the television leads to over aggression among children and in some adults. This has lead to an increase in violent behaviors in the world majorly due to imitation. People who see those being violent on TV try to copy them as models. This character is common among children. Studies have as well shown that children who watch violent shows and even identify with the violent characters are about twice as likely to be violent as young adults. The studies have as well indicated that men are more likely to embrace the violent acts as compared to their female counterparts. Other indicators of contribution of television violence to the home violence include increased desensitization and heartlessness (Christian answers). People tend to be more callous towards those who may have become victims of violence. In this they tend to ignore or just take easy incidences of violence claiming that they are common occurrences in television. This normalizes violence making it to look like part of daily life. Furthermore, in this way it dulls the emotion response to violence’s and its victims. In conclusion the influence of the media content on people has been openly quite evident. Anyone would agree with this. The advertisers use the media to sway consumer’s perception towards given products. This is equally the same to violence in the media which can as well sway peoples’ perceptions towards violence. Due to the above points it is clearly necessary for parents to take action against the viewing of television programs. Parents ought to talk to the children about what programs are good for them and which are harmful. Children should get encouraged to spend most of their time in sports and hobbies or friends other than watching television. Furthermore special banns ought to be put on some programs that have too much violence References Christian answers, Violence in the media – How it affects families? Accessed on August 16, 2010 from http://www. christiananswers. net/q-eden/edn-f012. html Media Issues, Research on the effects of media violence, Accessed on August 16, 2010 from http://www. media-awareness. ca/english/issues/violence/effects_media_violence. cfm

Human Geography in Sub-Saharan Africa Essays

Human Geography in Sub-Saharan Africa Essays Human Geography in Sub-Saharan Africa Paper Human Geography in Sub-Saharan Africa Paper Human geography in Sub-Saharan Africa People originated in Africa also known as the cradle of humankind. There are fossilized footprints of Homo sapienss earlier ancestors called the hominid Australopithecus, which is the evidence that humans have been in this region the longest. Genetic evidence shows these humans are the ancestors of all modern humans. Because people have lived here the longest there are more diseases. Several of these diseases can be transferred from insects or animals to humans such as malaria which is transmitted from mosquitoes and the tsetse fly that causes leeping sickness (trypanosomiasis). The disease malaria affected more than 174 million people in 2010 and more than 655,000 died. HIV/AlDs spread rapidly through the sub-Saharan African since it emerged in 1981 and has been the cause of more than 15 million deaths. These diseases cause people to be unable to work which keeps the economy at a standstill because the people will be unable to bring up the economy until these diseases are dealt with. People in this region have figured out ways to manage their environment when it comes to agriculture. They use many techniques such as shifting agriculture which is using a plot of land until it is no longer fertile then moving on to another location. Slash and burn also go along with this process where the area is burned then the ash is used to fertilize the crops. Another method is intercropping which is planting several crops together in a single field to reduce erosion, evaporation, and nutrient loss in the soil. One of the biggest modern problem this region is facing when it come to the animal wild life is the possible extinction of many of the animals such as the Black Rhino, the White Rhino , the African Elephant, the Lemur, the Mountain Gorilla, and the Western lowland Gorilla. In different parts of the region there have been efforts made to protect the ecosystem and wildlife. This effort has put tension on the local people, conservationist and tourists. It can harm crops, bush meat consumption, and park crowding. The problem is the enforcement to leave these animals alone due to poachers. Elephant have been hunted for their ivory tusks, also known white gold, for centuries.

3 Alternative Trucking Careers to Consider

3 Alternative Trucking Careers to Consider Have a truck driving career, but feel like a change? Sick of the solitude of the long haul and all the heavy lifting? Don’t feel like sitting in a cab for quite so many hours each day, but don’t feel qualified for anything else? Don’t stress. There are actually plenty of alternative careers for qualified truckers out there. You just need to get yourself in the game. 1. DispatchWhile you’d still need some training, who better than a trucker who knows the ropes to work dispatching loads? You’re familiar with the lifestyle and the lingo, and the ins and outs of hauling. Check with your current employer first, for ease of 401k, IRA, and health insurance transfer, then branch out.2. LoadingIf you don’t mind the heavy work and a probable pay cut (dock workers often make less than an OTR driver), you could easily get a more stable 9-5 kind of job- even at your own company- on the loading dock. You’ll be home a whole lot more, and could have a regular schedule for once.3. ManagementYou’ve thought of being an owner-operator, but you’re starting to feel even more ambitious. Why not step into the big leagues? Get yourself some educational training in business administration (try vocational schools and two year associates programs, or even online enrichment programs, to get some certification). A bit of business education combined with your existing experience and skills would make you an asset in trucking company management. You could work for an existing company, or even make it your goal to run your own someday. Either way, you’ll be out of one driver’s seat and into another.

Essay Einstein Principle for Effective Time Management

Essay Einstein Principle for Effective Time Management Essay: Einstein Principle for Effective Time Management Modern society seems to be focused on intensive lifestyles. People are in a hurry almost all the time. This brings about a great need for effective time management. Some people try to optimize their time by getting up earlier or by going to bed early just to cope with as many tasks as possible. But does this really help? After all, this approach seems to be pointless as it only makes us exhausted and depressed due to lack of sleep. Now take a moment to consider some better ways to effectively manage time. What could be better than a method invented by Albert Einstein? No matter how hard we try to multitask, it seems impossible to do everything on our daily list. However, the theory of Albert Einstein states: â€Å"We are most productive when we focus on a very small number of projects on which we can devote a large amount of attention† (Newport, 2007). The following principle is based on the fact that serious tasks are time-consuming and require plenty of effort and concentration. Heres another trick. If we follow Mr. Einsteins principal, were likely to have a very low number of so called life-projects: education, career, marriage and hobby. Besides, each of us is overloaded by a number of duties and myriad small, but still important things to complete, alongside with the major ones. Moreover, putting all of your effort, time, money and other resources in one gigantic project can prove to be too risky, especially if something goes wrong. (Newport, 2007). There are no â€Å"sure things† in life! Therefore, lets base an approach toward time management based on the theory of a world-famous scientist, by updating the approach to better fit the standards of modern society. To achieve the best possible results, follow the scheme below: Step 1. When you feel time is short and youre peppered with hundreds of things to do, take a piece of paper and subdivide it into four columns: education, personal development, friends, and relations, and hobbies. In this way, you build a basic structure for the most important spheres of your life. Step 2. Write down the items which refer to a definite part of your life and list them in a corresponding section. So, for example, in the section titled Education, list the tasks connected with your studies (e.g. go to the library and find the needed book, start writing your new project, consult your professor and clarify the questions you need for your term paper, etc). The section for Personal Development could be filled with such issues as: taking driving lessons, paying more attention to your health and workouts, or it can be an intention to buy new furniture or decorations for your room. The section Friends and Relations may include activities like meeting a friend in a cafà ©, visiting a distant relative, or even buying Christmas presents! Finally, the fourth section Hobby can be filled with your intentions connected with something you like to do, or it can be going to see a movie, cooking a new dish containing exotic fruit, or even exploring a new route for a bicycle ride! Step 3. As soon as your list is completed, take a closer look at it and cross out all the unnecessary items, the ones, you can forget about straight away. In such a way youll get a chance to focus on the most important things. Step 4. Next, select the tasks that must be completed right away, and mark them to be completed as soon as possible! Step 5. Youll be glad you found out that only a small amount of things are left for you to do! The most important thing to do at this stage is to not start any new projects until you complete the listed ones, which you should begin right away (Newport, 2007). Such a practical approach may turn out to be rather helpful in terms of time management. Reducing the number of unnecessary tasks and placing your full concentration on the truly urgent tasks will help you plan your schedule much more effectively! If you need to hire a professional essay writer to get your custom paper written from scratch contact our online paper writing service.

Horse and groom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Horse and groom - Essay Example The groom’s attire and the horse’s saddle have a huge segment of yellow contents. The Yellow color that corresponds with earth is Chinese most beautiful and very prestigious color. The picture hence communicates elevated prestige for the both horse and the groom. It is a high class living from Chinese society. The color yellow is linked Chinese adage which says, Yellow creates Yin and Yan. The adage implies that implies that yellow is the hub of everything. The color was ranked above brown, and it signifies the neutrality or good luck (Hearn, 39). The essence of Yellow highly linked close to gold for when it is paired with red in place of gold color. In Chinese culture, Yellow color was the emperor’s main and is held as the figurative color of the five past legendary emperors of olden China. Yellow frequently adorned royal palaces, temples and altars and the color was applied in the robes and clothing of the emperors. From value and worth of yellow color in the past days of china it application in the art reveals extreme passion augment prestige. The Yellow color also represents liberty and freedom from worldly cares or secular attachments and is thus highly esteemed in Buddhism religion. Monks’ garments are mostly yellow, as are also elements of most Buddhist temples. The message communicated by the use of yellow color also symbolizes heroism. The horse is majorly Black, apart from segments of the head, tail and loin. The meaning of black color and entailed message related to unity. According to Taiji symbol, application of black and white to signify the unity and harmony of Yin and Yang but antique Chinese, indicates black as the chief of colors and the culture honored black more constantly than any other comparable color. The essence of the significance of black color reveals of Lao Zi’s which admits that five colors cause people to be blind; thus Dao School selected black as the main color of the Dao. Furthermore, Black color which corresponds

Arguement-memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arguement-memo - Essay Example You will note from my discussion that after intensive research on this debate I arrived at the conclusion that much, if not most opposition stems from a few who in a sense are praying on vulnerable consumers by appealing to their sense of ethics and frightening them using science, when in reality they are attacking the multinational companies involved in the production of GM crops. I recommend that multinationals take stock of Monsanto’s pledge which proposes advocating five commitments: respect, transparency, dialogue, sharing, and benefits. By doing so they will be better equipped to curb opposing assumptions and hearsay and at the same time better equip consumers to make their own judgments and make up their own minds as to the safety and whether they consume GM food. GM food has incited intense open debate, extensive scientific dialogue and widespread media coverage. This memo will summarize the pros and cons of the issue, address the main strengths and weaknesses of both sides and wrap up with three or four recommendations. Although there has been an enormous amount of information on the possible benefits of GM food supplied by scientists and other specialists, and authorities, there is fervent consumer opinion that genetically modified (GM) food yields, could lead to unfavorable results in a variety of areas. Arguments have focused on the â€Å"health implications and environmental impact of cultivating GM crops and have raised disputes over national interests, global policy, and corporate agendas.† (Hsin, 2002, para.1) Although there are a number of facets to this dispute, it should be kept in the perspective of scientific evidence, together with a vigilant consideration of agricultural potential now and in the future. Proponents of GM food claim they are more nutritious and aesthetically pleasing as well as possessing a longer shelf life allowing more time for administration and transportation. They purport that GM crops undergo

Critical Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Critical Review - Essay Example Mike and Scott, the main characters in this film, are deviant individuals in the society. Viewers cannot emulate their behaviors, for instance. Besides being drug addicts, Mike and Scott earn their money through prostitution that is an immoral act in the society. The Scene at the cafe shows young and desperate male prostitutes willing to engage in sex with strangers to earn money. The scene emphasizes on the dominance of homosexuality in the society. Bob appears at the Hotel scene for the first time in film and display unacceptable characters such as drug abuse, theft, and planning robbery. Gus Van Sant’s film is a story of two friends, Mike and Scott, leading their lives on the streets and engaging in homosexual prostitution. The film is not open-minded about homosexuality in society. The film does not command influence to transform individuals political sensitivity. Instead, it majorly focuses on societal vices such as prostitution, homosexuality, and drug abuse. Canby, Vincent. â€Å"Movie Review: My Own Private Idaho (1991).† The New York Times. September 27, 1991. Web. October 15, 2014. Accessed from,

The role of fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The role of fashion - Essay Example The essay "The role of fashion" discovers the role of fashion. The denotative meaning is also called a principle meaning. Using this perspective, clothes is defined as the protection of our body. However, this level of understanding does not reveal the clothing’s fundamental function in a culture. At the connotative level, fashion is interpreted at a secondary level significant and important within a social and cultural convention. Semiotics plays an important role in visual rhetoric. The signs or codes are transferred from actual conversations (based on intuitive understand developed within the culture). These signs or codes are transferred into actual conversations based on these intuitive understanding that developed within a culture. Society is influential in establishing an individual’s identity through social constructs. What people wear and how we are wearing clothes should not affect the decision and preferences we have. Rather, it should become the basis for co nstructing the individual’s understanding of a belief within the society. Our choice of clothes, then, is not affected by a decision or a choice made by the individual. Rather, it depends on how he understands and believes in what the society dictates. Fashion, then, identifies and constructs one’s identity by using semiotics that developed within a culture. Fashion can also behave as a tool for non-verbal communication in different ways. This includes fashion’s role of suggesting one’s expression, political view.... This includes fashion’s role of suggesting one’s expression, political view, or social status or role. But even if fashion is not used as a definer of social role or expression, it is significant in the expression of one’s personality. These meanings are based on connotation level rather than denotation meaning. The power of semiotics is evident in the study of fashion and youth. This leads us to understand how fashion affects the personality and character of an individual, and vice versa. Even though everyone has the freedom to choose his own style, people tend to judge other people by these preferences. It is not unusual for someone to suspect another person sporting a Mohawk hairstyle or tattoo, and wearing ripped jeans, to be troublesome or delinquent. In the article, Hiding in the Light: Youth Surveillance and Display by Dick Hebdige, one’s appearance can put the young ones under suspicion of a crime. Hebdige asserts, â€Å"Pictures of punks and mods and skinheads, for instance are commonly regarded, even amongst many documentary practitioners, as unproblematic or as distractions from the real issues: visually interesting but ideologically suspect†(Hebdige, 19). This proves that even if the individual is using his fashion as a necessity of man, for the purpose of covering his body, the connotative meaning of his clothing disregards the denotative meaning. One’s clothing and appearance can be changed completely by social expectations and assumptions. Let’s use another example. Two people dress up in different styles. The first one has a punk style and the other has a formal and businesslike look. Because of his appearance and style, the punk would receive grave stares as people suspect him doing criminal acts.

Use of English Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Use of English Language - Essay Example On the other hand, non-verbal surpasses verbal communication, given that people depend on non-verbal for expressing their ideas since when they are born. In this case, due to innate attributes of non-verbal behaviors, this leads to its significance in communication. For instance, some people use body gestures and facial expressions before uttering sentences, whereby they try making sense through symbolic messages. Furthermore, non-verbal cues are considered trustable they are elicited unconsciously by people through their behaviors. Moreover, there is the notion that non-verbal cues are not delusional; in fact, member of this community have a conviction that non-verbal messages are applicable where verbal messages are contradicting. In this case, people focus on creating the meaning of their non-verbal behaviors through attachment of meaning by observing what others are doing. Therefore, symbolic messages assist people in interpreting intentions of the speaker, and this is an indicat ion of the significance of non-verbal communication in the process of interpretation. In this case, non-verbal communications are considered very helpful in a situation whereby people do not understand messages communicated by a person through verbal communication. In addition, there is the deprivation of an interpreter to fall back on other ways of facilitating understanding of the speaker. In this situation, the non-verbal communication is utilized to offer subtle hints regarding the way a message should be understood.... In this case, people should avoid using gendered adjectives that are considered irrelevant such as â€Å"lady doctor†, â€Å"male nurse,† or â€Å"woman lawyer†. Issues of exclusion through language use involve explicit gender dichotomies, which are involved in social and linguistic awareness of speakers. In fact, this depends on whether there are social implications of gender non-stereotypical linguistic terminologies. Nevertheless, in order to identify this exclusion, there is need to analyze and pay attention on the stereotypical gender binarities, which are associated with social awareness and linguistic. For instance, there are divergent cultures and languages presented as indicative can lead to gender polarization, which is reflected in global and local trends of perception towards language. There are complex interdependencies, which exist between gender and languages can be explored in regard to theories associated with language and gender interplay; for i nstance, there are social cognitive approaches and social constructionism (Wolfgang, 23). Therefore, gender stereotypes are considered inherent based on the perception and application of language. Nonetheless, language and gender stereotypes may be assumed, while the discussion is based on the conceptualization of languages and gender, thereby referring to impact of gender stereotypes on language perceptions. Interesting Event Involving Language within the Community One of the most interesting events involving language within a community involves a special public or semi-public event, where an organization seeks to develop a sense of â€Å"political correctness†. In fact, this event starts with a short opening speech and

Contract and Patent Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contract and Patent Law - Assignment Example public, nor its components and usage described in a publication for a period of one year before the invention, nor offered for sale for a period of one year, before the filing for a patent (Cheeseman, 2011). The other rule guiding the granting of a patent is the fact that the invention must be useful and able to perform the intended purpose. Additionally, the invention should not be exactly similar to a pre-existing product (Cheeseman, 2011). However, an improvement on a previously existing product that is non-obvious is also patentable. Thus, based on Billy’s Towrack invention, it is patentable since the invention is useful for carrying sporting equipment, it is a non-obvious improvement from the already existing tows in that it is lighter and has only the single wheel. Thus, Billy can successfully obtain a patent for this device. 2. Under the requirements of the trademark laws, a symbol, a word or a name can only be registered as a trademark if it is able to differentiate the products or services offered by one entity from those offered by others. The symbol or the name used should not be confusing to the consumers, to an extent of not knowing the difference between one product and the other (Cheeseman, 2011). Additionally, the symbols and names used should not be similar to those of an already existing product, and neither should they be deceptive on the sides of the consumers. Based on the name used by Billy for his invented device, Towrack is just but a general name, which does not serve to differentiate the device from the common ones of its kind. Thus, Billy may not obtain a trademark by using this name to identify his product, since it is not distinctive to the consumers.

Use of English Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Use of English Language - Essay Example On the other hand, non-verbal surpasses verbal communication, given that people depend on non-verbal for expressing their ideas since when they are born. In this case, due to innate attributes of non-verbal behaviors, this leads to its significance in communication. For instance, some people use body gestures and facial expressions before uttering sentences, whereby they try making sense through symbolic messages. Furthermore, non-verbal cues are considered trustable they are elicited unconsciously by people through their behaviors. Moreover, there is the notion that non-verbal cues are not delusional; in fact, member of this community have a conviction that non-verbal messages are applicable where verbal messages are contradicting. In this case, people focus on creating the meaning of their non-verbal behaviors through attachment of meaning by observing what others are doing. Therefore, symbolic messages assist people in interpreting intentions of the speaker, and this is an indicat ion of the significance of non-verbal communication in the process of interpretation. In this case, non-verbal communications are considered very helpful in a situation whereby people do not understand messages communicated by a person through verbal communication. In addition, there is the deprivation of an interpreter to fall back on other ways of facilitating understanding of the speaker. In this situation, the non-verbal communication is utilized to offer subtle hints regarding the way a message should be understood.... In this case, people should avoid using gendered adjectives that are considered irrelevant such as â€Å"lady doctor†, â€Å"male nurse,† or â€Å"woman lawyer†. Issues of exclusion through language use involve explicit gender dichotomies, which are involved in social and linguistic awareness of speakers. In fact, this depends on whether there are social implications of gender non-stereotypical linguistic terminologies. Nevertheless, in order to identify this exclusion, there is need to analyze and pay attention on the stereotypical gender binarities, which are associated with social awareness and linguistic. For instance, there are divergent cultures and languages presented as indicative can lead to gender polarization, which is reflected in global and local trends of perception towards language. There are complex interdependencies, which exist between gender and languages can be explored in regard to theories associated with language and gender interplay; for i nstance, there are social cognitive approaches and social constructionism (Wolfgang, 23). Therefore, gender stereotypes are considered inherent based on the perception and application of language. Nonetheless, language and gender stereotypes may be assumed, while the discussion is based on the conceptualization of languages and gender, thereby referring to impact of gender stereotypes on language perceptions. Interesting Event Involving Language within the Community One of the most interesting events involving language within a community involves a special public or semi-public event, where an organization seeks to develop a sense of â€Å"political correctness†. In fact, this event starts with a short opening speech and

History of Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of Juvenile Justice - Essay Example Several factors facilitated the passage of the 1899 Illinois Juvenile Court Act and they are the child saver movement and the creation of children’s tribunals (Martin 43; Siegel). The child saver movement refers to the acts of wealthy person who donated money for others to create informal networks of social service agencies that helped needy children. These networks opposed jailing delinquent or runaway children and put them in refuge houses instead (Siegel). They taught children remedial skills, so that they could work and earn money in legitimate ways (Siegel). These houses, however, received criticism for their harsh disciplinary rules and methods (Siegel). Though they had these weaknesses, the movement increased support for treating children differently when they have conducted different kinds of crimes (Siegel). Another factor that resulted to the passage of the 1899 law is the development of children’s tribunals (Martin 43). In 1874, Massachusetts passed legislati on that required separate court hearings for children, called children’s tribunals (Martin 43). In 1877, New York passed legislation that separated adult and juvenile offenders (Martin 43). These laws became the forerunners of the 1899 Illinois Juvenile Court Act. The purpose of the 1899 Illinois Juvenile Court Act is to establish a formal juvenile court system that reflected the parens patriae doctrine (Siegel). The parens patriae doctrine asserts that the state must take care of the country’s children.

An Analysis of Change management models

An Analysis of Change management models In this report, we have focused on change management within an organization or a project. Change management is becoming so important that nowadays more and more companies use this method to improve the performance. Lots of change management models are used; they have made profit to the companies. However, not all the models are suitable to all the projects or all the kinds of companies; they have disadvantages as well as advantages when using them. In this report, we will discuss three models as examples: Kotters Eight Step Change Model, Lewins Change Management Model and McKinsey 7-S Model. Introduction Change management is a methodical approach to handling with change, not only from the angle of an organization but on the individual level. A rather vague term, change management has more than three different dimensions, adapting to change, controlling change, and effecting change included. A proactive approach to handling with change is at the central part of all three aspects. For an organization, change management means making the definition and implementation of procedures and/or technologies to handle with changes in the business environment and to profit from changing opportunities. Triumphant adaptation to change is as vital within an organization as it is in the natural world. Just similar to plants and animals, organizations and the individuals in them unavoidably run into changing conditions that they are incapable to control. The more effectively you handle with change, the more probable you are to flourish. Building structured methods for addressing changes in the business environment or building coping mechanisms for addressing changes in the workplace might be involved in adaptation. As a result, lots of change management models are built to help make the change management more effective. There are several of change management models. We will discuss three and decide which the best fit an organization needing many changes is. We will discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of these three change management models. Once we discuss them further, we will see differences to each of these models. There are also a lot of similarities among these models. It is vital that we have a systematic indulgent of each of the three change management models presented. Problem Area Scope It usually doesnt matter how well designed a project is at the beginning, change is an unavoidable part of the project implementation process. Most of us have a tendency to think of change in terms of problems or negative consequences. Though its true that change could be bad or could be good. There are quite a few of aspects that are looked at when the changes are made and a correct path should be adopted in order to achieve the required target. Our scope of this report focuses on the following: How to describe change management system What are the principles of change management and the guidelines which needs to be looked at when changes are required Elements of change management systems Most effective models of change management Although there are several models present in the market today but only that model which suits the profile of the project should be adopted or whose implementation is not vague to the rest of the project team. In this study report we have primarily focused on following three models of change management: Kotter Model McKinsey 7-S Model Lewins Change Management Model Additional more our report highlights: Characteristics of Each Model Methodology of their usage. The major constraints that could come across are scheduled below: Uncertainty between people implementing change management models Communication gap between top management and lower level. Time Uncertainty of the roles and responsibilities Methodology Our study was employed  on the study of Change Management, principles different models of change management models were obtained by performing the following set of activities: Topic Selection and Planning of Study We had a brainstorming meeting where our team members got agreed to work on Conflict handling in Project Management and with the help of the study objectives and necessities which were mentioned by our course teacher (Erika Bellander), then the study was broken down into the following tasks: introduction, problems, scope area, theories models related to different conflict situations in projects, conflict resolution strategies, methods used in the study,   reliability, validity, results, discussions and recommendations. These were followed by the formation of a responsibility matrix and time scheduling. The status or progress of each task were reported and usually uploaded on bilda at least a day before our weekly meetings on every Tuesdays. Online Discussions The IMPACTS group members who were working together on some deliverables had online discussions and difficulties encountered during the tasks executing were also frequently discuss on line. We also helped each other by providing hints/inputs to each other by emails and we found that this is more effective way of communication. Resources Due to the time constraints, the IMPACT group could not obtain any primary data for the study from the companies/ Industries because of that our study was based on secondary sources which contains lectures notes, books and the internet were combine with working experience of our team members. Results Now a days every manager or leaders in education are required to lead and manage changes. It is significant as nevertheless the survey has found that change is taking place at a growing tempo, the verification suggests that most change initiatives doesnt not make the grade e.g. current research recommended that less than 65% of re-organizations met their stated aims which are usually bottom line enhancement. The impact of failures to bring in effective change could also be lofty e.g. loss of market position, elimination of senior management, loss of stakeholder trustworthiness, loss of key employees. To avoid such failures there is need of acquaintance with the change management principle and models and its consequences. In this section we will describe the basic change management principles and some models for the change management. Definition of Change Management Change management is a course of action in which whole system is modified according to any pre-defined framework or modelled by following it. Principle of Change Management There are some principles followed to make change management. By following these principles as a systematic, framework, team leaders can learn that how to manage their own personal change and how to appoint the whole organization in the process. Although there are many Principles of change management but few of the Principles are following: Adopting a principled method that shows reliability and engenders openness and belief will see your change program throughout the hard times. Here are five key principles of successful change managementà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡ Sponsorship The change program gets the visible support of key decision-makers within the organization as well as resources are ready to the program. Planning Planning is undertaken systematically before program execution and committed to writing. Plans are enumerated in accordance with predominant stakeholders and resources, goals, risks and other relevant participants. Measurement Program objectives are written in assessable terms and program progress is controlled and intercommunicated to major stakeholders. Engagement Stakeholders are involved in an authentic bilateral communication on the basis of openness, reciprocal trust and esteem. Support structures Program executors and change recipients are provided with the resources and supporting systems required during the process of the implementation and the aftermath. Change Management Guidelines In our study of this change management model principle we have found the following important guidelines for the change management: Address the individual side systematically: At all times engage and agree support from individual within system as every change creates individuals personal issues. When new leaders are asked to change then work will be changed and employees usually create confrontation which will lead to risk of speed of work, spirits and results. There is a common approach of change management that start with the top management team and then engage the stakeholders and this concept should start in early stage of change itself. Start at the top: When changes in organization system occurs then everyone looks at the top management as the decisions comes from them who that how this should be along with its protocols. Top management should work together by planning and commitment and they must communicate with each other. Involve every layer: When the course of action of change starts then we makes the strategy then designs its way and in implementation phase starts which affect all levels of the organization. Leadership at every level is must required with expertise in knowledge. Communicate the message: One must keep in mind that there should not be any communication gap during the change management. There is a big mistake which is normally seen that some managers believe that all members in the team understand the problems. There is usually need of regular and timely messages which should be inspirational and applicable. Communication must be from bottom to up and from up to down also so that employees may get information at right time. There is also need of right message to right person to avoid bad consequences. Prepare for unexpected: Whenever change is made according to plan then one usually has many problems faced during change management process. There are some unforeseen ways of reaction shown by some people. The reason of reaction could be anything. There should be persistent reassessment of the impact of change is needed and we should have the ability to adopt any sudden change into the organization. Change Management Models The change management should include the organizational change management procedures along with the individuals development according to the change in order to avoid the conflicts and to have healthy environment in the organization. There are many approaches/models for the change management but following three models are described here: McKinsey 7-S Model Lewins Change Management Model John P. Kotters Eight Steps of Change Management 4.5.1 McKinsey 7-S Model McKinsey 7-S Model is developed by McKinsey and Company in 1981. The 7-S model is used to analyze the organization and their effectiveness. This model illustrate that an organization is consist of seven elements. This model is widely being used by many practitioners and academics to analyse different organizations. The seven models are distinguished in the hard Ss and the soft Ss. Strategy, structure and system are considers as the Hard Ss and Style, Staff, Skills and shared values are the Soft Ss. McKinsey 7-S model helps the organization to control and formulate the change management for all these seven models. Checklist can be developed for each model to analyze if any change is required and then necessary steps can be taken to achieve the desired changes. The figure above shows the integration of each model in a way that all Models have interaction with each others and it also shows that Shared Values have common interaction with remaining 6-S models. The description and use of each model is explained bellow and categorised as the Hard Ss and the Soft Ss. The Hard Ss: STRATEGY Strategy is the set of plans for the action required to restructure the organization for the changes in its external environment. Organizations goals and decision and action of achieving the desired changes are the major factor for the strategy development. STRUCTURE When planning any changes, the organization needs to be organized in a way that that the structure of organization will remain controlled. If the organizational structure is affected due to changes request without controlling the factors like responsibilities, the system can be fully disturbed and it can cause serious problems SYSTEMS In any organization, people are working systematically for performing their tasks and responsibilities. While making changes it is important to take care of the system that the normal routines of staff shall not be affected in a way that they will not be able to perform their jobs. The Soft Ss: SHARED VALUES Every organization has their personal goals and objectives which gives the reason to all staff and management to move forward to perform their daily tasks. These goals and object have the same values for each and every body in the organization. While making the changes in the organization, the shared values should not be changed otherwise it will take the organization into failure of its goal. STYLE Organization develops and maintains their culture and style of management. Organizations style also means that the way managers interact with their employee and the way they spend their time. Changing the organizations culture and style is difficult task as it involves the people personal behaviour STAFF Organizations success always depends on their staff and teams working on the assigned tasks to achieve their goals. The organizations now a days are paying more attention into their human resources to have the right and active competences. The need and importance of Human resource management became essential for most of organizations now a day. Changing in staff can really result into a big success or big failure depending on right decisions by HR management. SKILLS Staff without the right skills to perform any tasks can create several problems for the operations and May results into big disasters. Technology is improving our working environment and new skills needed to be developed into existing staff to fulfil their gaps. Skill development through trainings can help the staff to have the right skills to perform their tasks. 4.5.2 Lewins Change Management Model Change is a common thread that occurs in all businesses regardless of size, organization and age; even in our individual lives. There is a common saying that change is the only permanent thing in life. The whole world is changing fast; hence organizations must change quickly as well. The leading organizations are those that manage change well. As for those that do not, they have continued to struggle to survive. Developed in 1950s, Kurt Lewins Change Management Model is one of the most popular cornerstone models for understanding organizational change. His model is popularly known as Unfreeze-Change-Refreeze which refers to the three-stages of change he described. Lewin explained organizational change applying the analogy-changing the shape of an ice block. First stage: Unfreezing This is possibly one of the most critical stages to realize in the area of change we find ourselves today. The stage is about making preparations for the change that is about to happen. In this stage, we must understand that change is necessary and we must be prepared to move away from our present comfort zone. The more we perceive the need for a change, the more urgent it becomes and the more our motivation to make the change. You can compare this with having a job to be delivered within a deadline. The closer the deadline, the more likely you are to hurriedly get the job started. The deadline for a job is usually tied around some kind of rewards or punishment. Without a deadline, the urge to change is lower compared to the need to change. The motivation to make the change, and get on with it also becomes lower. It is important to weigh the pros and cons and then be sure that the pros outnumbers the cons before you take off. This leads us to what Lewin termed the Force field Analysis. Force Field Analysis shows us that there are different factors (forces) that we need to observe when making change. Some are for while some are against. If, the factors for change is more than the factors beside change we will make change. Otherwise, there is low motivation and if we force a change were likely to be heading for a danger. The first stage of unfreezing is moving our selves, or a department, or an entire organization towards motivation for change and one good way of doing this is by using The Kurt Lewin Force Field Analysis. Second Stage: Change or Transition The second stage called change or transition takes place as we formulate the changes that are required. According to Kurt Lewin, change is as a process and not an event. The process is what he called transition. He then described transition as the inner movement we make in response to a change. This stage is often the hardest because people are uncertain and fearful. The period is more difficult as people are learning about the change which requires some understanding to work with. Therefore it is very important to give them all the necessary support in the form of coaching and training and to have it in mind that mistakes are part of the change process. It is more helpful using role models and giving people room to develop their own solution towards making the change. It is also essential to let people have an understandable image of the required change and the usual benefits. By so doing, they stay focused, and this can only be achieved through effective communication. Third Stage: Freezing or Refreezing This stage focused on establishing stability after the changes are made. The changes become the new way of doing things. Although it takes time for people to get used to the new norms as they have to form new relationships, but as time goes on they become adapted and comfortable with their routines. However there has been a lot of criticism and people argue that practically there is never time for the so called freezing stage. The world is so dynamic now and it might just take a couple of weeks for another change to happen. Hence, there is no time to settle into comfortable routines. The freezing sounds too rigid and does not fit with the modern idea of change which is a continuous and sometimes a disorderly process in which greater flexibility is demanded. For this reason, it is recommended that we think of this final stage as being more flexible, instead of a rigid frozen block. Consequently, unfreezing for the next change becomes easier. 4.5.3 John P. Kotters Eight Steps of Change Management In today environment change becomes natural part of doing business, whether be change in consumers behaviour, competitive landscape, supply chains, financial market, labour market. Not many organizations can adapt to changes coming to them effectively and in many instances can bankrupt the company. One of the leading management guru is John P. Kotter who introduced concept of eight steps to organization change management to help company adapt and prepare to various changes that affecting organization. Kotter has written several bestseller books. The most recognize one is Leading Change, which discusses practical 8-step process for the organization to follow when facing changes. The process describes useful insight on how to manage change for business organization of which key principles taking into people participation and roles in identification and implementing strategies. Kotters eight steps are being discussed briefly as follows: Establish a Sense of Urgency It is vey crucial for an organization to be ready and responsive to changes that happen in the market. The best way is for management to create sense of urgency for change and engagement staff at all level to be aware and adaptive for changes that company may encounter. The management should evaluate the market landscape and analyze impact or potential threat and opportunity to the company. This should also be shared among key staff to form a strategic plan. Form a Powerful Guiding Coalition In order to implement change effectively, key staff should come together to form a working group or steering committee to lead the effort. Create a Vision Establish sensible vision for change. The vision should reflect value and reason that change need to happen. It must be accompanied by workable strategies not a wishful one. Communicate the Vision Once the vision is established, management need to communicate it effectively as it is a guiding principle for change. Tools of communication and target group must be carefully crafted to ensure most effective effort and utilization of resources. Empower Others to Act on the Vision In order to create change, management must eliminate obstacles or system/process that gets in a way of implementing the vision and strategies. Management should encourage staff to take calculated risk and breakout of existing comfort zone to embracing new vision and strategies. Plan for and Create Short-Term Wins In reality, for an organization to achieve its vision may take long period of time and faces many obstacles and setbacks. Management should set a series of achievable short term goal that link to strategy and vision so staff can have a reachable goal to achieve and feel accomplish. It is also the opportunity to identify improvement in process to better achieve the vision as goal being reviewed periodically. Consolidate Improvements and Produce Still More Change Continue improvement in work process and system is important key to ensure that organization moving forward toward achieving the vision. This also includes the improvement in human resources practices from hiring, promotion and personal development. Institutionalize New Approaches To create lasting change, the new way of thinking should be part of organizational culture, process, structure and human resources development. The above provide general information on Kotters 8 steps process of which offers good framework for an organization in approaching change. According to him only 15% of businesses will successfully implement and adapt to change that coming to them. One of the reasons may be that most management fails to take the complexity of human the connection. Some of executives would probably outline the right business strategy but unable to implement it effectively due to internal resistance to change within its organization as well as poorly communicate to the staff of the changes and the way to go forward in managing it and cause misunderstanding or fear among employee. To summarize, Kotters concept is very useful and actionable, nevertheless, the company chose also be mindful of its staff culture and personality and revise plan to communicate effectively. Analysis Analyzing the three models described above McKinsey 7-S Model, Lewins Change Management model and John P. Kotters Eight Steps pf Change Management can be observed that each model have their own particularities and focus in the Change Management Subject. In the case of the first model, McKinsey 7-S Model M, is more focused in the areas that should be considered during an organisational change and created in the beginning of the 80s. This model has been classified by INMPACT group in two parts as Organisational Core Aspects as Strategy, Structure and systems which can be classified as the spine; and in the Human Resources aspects where are considered values, management style, leadership, interaction, skills and competences. Lewins Change Management model is a general model created in the 50s and talks about three different stages during a change management. The three stages mentioned are unfreezing, change and freezing. From our point of view this model gives a global view in the topic, but is missing certain important aspects that are crucial during the planning, implementation of a change inside any kind of organisation. Nowadays companies live in an environment where if the company stays at the freeze stage exists a higher possibility of failure due to the environment and other players are in continuous change that is the reason why companies have a high degree of flexibility in their human resources, strategy, systems and structure. Kotters eight steps Change Model focus on the urgency sense and on a high degree of responsiveness, leadership (powerful guiding coalition) and human resources, vision and structure, communication, empowerment, short term win through challenging but also reachable goals, continuous improvement in systems, processes and practices, people planning and development. The eight steps models from our point of view are focused on the continuous environmental changes, consumers behaviour, supply chains, financial markets, etc. From our point of view the Mckinsey model and the Eight Step model can be integrated in one model in order to have a better view on the Change Management, it both models can complement each other in both main aspects mentioned by McKinsey model organisational core areas and Human resources and at the same time the eight steps can be classified in both areas. Discussion As mentioned before can be developed one model 8Steps-Mckinsey in where the different aspect mentioned by both models can be identified in one. 8 STEPS- MckinseyLeadership Responsiveness Continuous Improvement Empowerment People Planning Vision Short Term Goals As can be perceived in the model leadership, responsiveness and continuous improvement should be present in all parts of the model, while in the organisational core part should be integrated the vision and short term goals which help to establish new perspectives to the strategy, structure and vision. At the same time the Human Resources should have the ability to be empowered, and at the same time HR Management should define which competences want to be developed, skills and capacity. Conclusion Nowadays Organizational change is required and it is increasing, but the change happens not very successfully. The high levels of breakdown signify that proper management of these changes is still missing. It shows that there is a lot to learn about the how to deal with change more efficiently. We have found that there is no solitary model of change management is there which is applicable to everywhere and there cannot be single solution for it. However we do have some models from our studies which are better and one can apply these as per their applicability. It has been seen that the management professionals are not always having the appropriate skills to lead change management and are not keenly included within the change procedure. However, many of such concerns that are identified concern of the people aspects of change. In such cases human resource management department should take the steps for it and manage it, to have healthy consequences of the change. To achieve this there is a need of proper skills is needed in the management side as well as the human resources as well. The change management response should be adaptive. The key elements of the successful change management are plan for long term in broad manner, establish proper communication methods to enable fast review and good decision from the managers, empower people to have decision at local operational level, avoid unnecessary changes and time consuming procedures, encourage people to adapt the changes by proper training and telling its benefits and respect peoples feelings and optimize the IT systems to facilitate for valuable information management. Recommendations Our team recommends a deeper study of change management models for all our stakeholders, our readers as currently there are so many change management models being used by different organizations and their selection criteria depends totally on their own needs and objectives. In theory we have some models which says that one can have be flexible for his way of change management and one should allows the flexibility to respond the change but such models are not very practical when it comes to the consequences of changes. e.g. capability to share knowledge and to work efficiently, it may have impact on effectiveness of communication or individual commitment, which itself has implications for change effectiveness. The individual development and training plays the important role in change management process. The human resource involvement in the individual development plays significant role. Following are some important responsibilities of human resource team towards the employees, which has significance during the change management process: Participation at the early phase in the project group. Get used to negotiating and connecting across various individuals. Understanding individuals concerns to look forward to problems. Develop good medium of message to reach a variety of groups. Serving people deal with change, performance management and motivation. Advising project managers in skills available within the organization examining skills gaps, training requirements and new working observations etc. Harmonizing out the contracted/temporary goals with broader tactical needs. Evaluating the impact of change in one department and its influence on another part of the organization.

Inventing A Writing Technology Essay -- Writing Technological Papers

"Inventing" A Writing Technology According to Walter Ong, an influential scholar of the relationship between technology and media, "Literacy is imperious. It tends to arrogate to itself supreme power by taking itself as normative for human expression and thought. This is particularly true in high-technology cultures, which are built on literacy of necessity and which encourage the impression that literacy is an always to be expected and even natural state of affairs" (316). Ong would probably agree that literacy is so embedded in our current technological culture that it has become part of the standard of living, a necessary requirement for functioning in this highly professionalized world. However, the point of Ong’s prior statement is not that writing is only a necessity but that writing is a necessity which has become so internalized it is often taken for granted. The process of writing is a highly evolved, technological entity often revered as a "natural" part of life when in reality writing has been arti ficially created by man. Writing is very much an artificial creation, not a natural occurrence. To illustrate how true this is and how much writing is taken for granted and internalized as natural to humans, an experiment was done. Students from Eastern Michigan University’s English 328: Writing, Style, and Technology class were challenged to invent a writing technology without using any manufactured utensils such as pens, pencils, paint, brushes, white-out pens, nail polish, electronic devices or paper. The purpose was not to invent a new alphabet but to invent a new method of writing. In addition, the assignment required the consideration of four other elements: permanence, portability, creativity, and the extent to ... ... Beginning with the first written script of the Samarians, writing has been developed and integrated into world cultures. Many cannot imagine speech without writing, and U.S. culture would probably have difficulty functioning without writing. So, to say that writing is natural is one of the most incorrect statements of all time because, in truth, writing is one of the most invaluable, and highly-developed technologies existing worldwide today. Works Cited Barron, Dennis. "From Pencils to Pixels: The Stages of Literacy Technologies." Writing Material: Readings from Plato to the Digital Age. Comp. Evelyn B. Tribble & Anne Trubek. New York: Longman, 2003. 35-53. Ong, Walter. "Writing Is a Technology that Restructures Thought." Writing Material: Readings from Plato to the Digital Age. Comp. Evelyn B. Tribble & Anne Trubek. New York: Longman, 2003. 315-337.

Analysis of The World Bank Group Essay -- Business Management Banking

Analysis of The World Bank Group   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the past generation, more progress has been made in reducing poverty and raising living standards than during any other period in history. In developing countries, life expectances have increased from 55 to 64 years, Income per person has doubled and Infant Mortality has been reduced by 50 percent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite the successes, massive development challenges remain. Three billion people live on less than 2 dollars a day and 1.3 billion live on less than one dollar a day. Over 40,000 people die each day from preventable disease. 130 million never have the opportunity to go to school and 1.3 billion do not have clean drinking water. By allowing poverty to increase in developing countries this can adversely affect wealthier nations as markets and investments opportunities shrink, the environment is damaged and people migrate in search of work and income.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The World Bank is helping countries to strengthen and sustain the fundamental conditions they need to attract and retain private investment. With World Bank support financial and nonfinancial governments are reforming their overall economies and strengthening banking systems. They are investing in human resources, infrastructure, and environment protection which enhances the attractiveness and productivity of private investment. The World Bank Group The World Bank Group comprises five organizations: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The term World Bank refers to only IBRD and IDA.The World Bank is the largest provider of development assistance to developing countries and countries in transition, committing about $20 billion in new loans each year. Its main focus is to help people in developing countries raise their standards of living through finance for agriculture, schools, health programs, transportation and other essential needs. The International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) are the private sector affiliates of the World Bank Group. IFC supports private enterprise in the developing world through loan and equity financing. MIGA facilit... ...levant to its objectives and sponsors a number of publications. These include multi-volume collections of Investment Laws and of Investment Treaties, which are periodically updated by ICSID staff. Since April 1986, the Centre has published a semi-annual law journal entitled ICSID Review--Foreign Investment Law Journal. A New Bank for 2000 As we move into the new millennium, the Bank has embarked on a strategic compact with its clients and shareholders to improve the quality of its assistance, by:  · Helping the poorest countries reduce their debt burden so they can fund development initiatives instead of interest payments  · Helping fight corruption that undermines economic growth  · Helping developing countries to adopt modern communication technologies and skills so they can be more competitive  · Strengthening and reforming banking systems and financial sectors that would help avoid future crises such as those in Mexico in 1994-95 and East Asia in 1997-98  · Meeting the future food needs of a growing population and paying more attention to agricultural and rural development  · Ensuring development is consistent with the social and cultural needs of beneficiaries

My Favourite Book or the Book I Like Most Essay

I can unhesitatingly and boastfully claim that ‘my never- failing friends are they, with whom I converse day by day.’ And these friends, with whom I talk, converse and gossip as a matter of routine, are the BOOKS, that are stacked in our family-library. Their sweet, long company has made me a true book-lover in the real sense. Without any doubt or reservation, I can frankly say that blessed are those, who are in constant company of books. Books never desert us, when we fall prey to evil days, and they never flatter us, when fortune smiles on us. In my life so far, I have read many books including the titles on travels and adventures; biographies and auto ­biographies; love poems and nature poems; novels and stories and plays written by various authors of long standing and good repute. If I am asked to choose the book which I like most, I would go for the novel ‘the old man and the sea,’ written by the world-renowned novelist ‘Ernest Hemingway’ (1899-1961). Hemingway was a highly successful, prolific, U.S. writer of international fame and his novel in question was awarded the coveted Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. ‘The Old Man and the Sea’, was, actually, brought out in 1952. Naturally and undisputedly, a masterpiece of Hemingway, ‘The Old Man and the Sea’ is a beautiful description of the changing phases in the life of a man. It brings to the mind how the behaviour of acquaintances, friends, Nations and co-workers of a man undergoes a sea change with the drifting of a phase in life. The main character in the novel is an old fisherman, facing the loss of his lost vigour with great patience and fortitude. An expert master fisherman in his hay days, the old man had, in his by-gone days, trained a number of aspiring young men in baiting and catching fish. They had all learnt venturing out into the sea and fight against the ebb and flow of tides under his expert guidance. They not only admired him for his great skill and courage; but heaped upon him praises for his daring nature and tact time and again. He had become a living legend for them. But the time changed in the autumn of his life. He was considered a spent-force and was not in a position to catch any fish on a regular basis even for his own survival. There were no admirers left and the one-time hero had become almost a forgotten story. There were times, when he had to survive on charity of others. However, the old man did not give up easily. He remained firm and unyielding and continued trying his luck with his not till the last moment. He proved himself a brave, struggling fighter. He accepted his fate not in despair but with courage and determination. One day he succeeded in catching a giant marlin; but was not in a position to pull it out. The result was that the catch was eaten by sharks. Besides the story and the over-all plot of the novel, the style of narration and the language are also highly impressive. Hemingway is nowhere bombastic or Johnsonian in the novel On the contrary, his style is greatly forceful with simple and easy-to-understand sentences, having few confusing adverbs or adjectives. This is why ‘The old man and the sea’ is the only book I have liked most.

What Is a Linear Programming Problem

Linear Programming is a mathematical technique useful for allocation of scarce or limited resources to several competing activities on the basis of given criterion of optimality. The usefulness of linear programming as a tool for optimal decision-making on resource allocation, is based on its applicability to many diversified decision problems. The effective use and application requires, as on its applicability to many diversified decision problems. The effective use and application requires, as a first step, the mathematical formulation of an LP model, when the problem is presented in words.Steps of linear programming model formulation are summarized as follows : STEP 1 : Identify the Decision Variables a) Express each constraint in words. For this you should first see whether the constraint is of the form >/ (at least as large as), of the form < (no larger than) or of the form = (exactly equal to) b) You should then verbally express the objective function c) Steps (a) and (b) should then allow you to verbally identify the decision variablesIf there are several decision alternatives available , then in order to identify the decision variables you need to ask yourself the question – what decisions must be made in order to optimize the objective function ? Having accomplished step 1(a) through (c) decide the symbolic notation for the decision variables and specify units of measurement. Such specification of units of measurement would help in interpreting the final solution of the LP problem . STEP 2 : Identify the Problem Data For solving a problem, we need to identify the problem data so as to provide the actual values for the decision variables. For this,†¦